This is a fractal, a form that repeats itself (self-similar).
You take a simple form, for example two lines in a corner.
In the second iteration, replace each line with a smaller version of the form, now you have four lines. In the third iteration, you have 8 lines.
This way, simple forms morph into beautiful and often surprising structures. Fractals often occur in nature, mountains, waves, romanesco...
The first fractal in the animation is the Dragon Curve.
It is really simple constructed, you can (theoretically) do it by folding a piece of paper. But it is beautiful in higher iterations.
To make clearer how it extends, the biggest colored part is always a mirrored copy of the rest.
It was used in the Jurassic Park novel, that is also where I first encountered fractals. Later, this was how I was introduced to the programming concept of recursion (a function calling itself).